Description
1.0 Basic Image Operations (10 points)
In this problem, you will gain some experience working with NumPy and OpenCV to perform
basic image manipulations.
1.1 Combining Two Images
a. Read in two large (> 256 x 256) images, A and B into your Colab notebook (see sample
Colab notebook that was shared with the class earlier).
b. Resize A to 256×256 and crop B at the center to 256×256.
c. Create a new image C such that the left half of C is the left half of A and the right half of
C is the right half of B.
d. Using a loop, create a new image D such that every odd numbered row is the
corresponding row from A and every even row is the corresponding row from B.
e. Accomplish the same task in part d without using a loop. Describe your process.
1.2 Color Spaces
a. Download the peppers image from this link. Return a binary image (only 0s and 1s), with
1s corresponding to only the yellow peppers. Do this by setting a minimum and
maximum threshold value on pixel values in the R,G,B channels. Note that you won’t be
able to perfectly capture the yellow peppers, but give your best shot!
b. While RGB is the most common color space for images, it is not the only one. For
example, one popular color space is HSV (Hue-Saturation-Value). Hue encodes color,
value encodes lightness/darkness, and saturation encodes the intensity of the color. For
a visual, see Fig. 1 of this wiki article. Convert the image to the HSV color space using
OpenCV’s cvtColor() function, and try to perform the same task by setting a threshold in
the Hue channel.
c. Add both binary images to your report. Which colorspace was easier to work with for this
task, and why?
2.0 2D Geometric Transforms (15 points)
Geometric transformations are fundamental tools used in a variety of computer vision and
computer graphics applications. In this problem, you will write your own code to warp images
using 2D geometric transforms.
2.1 Write functions to produce transformation matrices
Write separate functions that output the 3 x 3 transformation matrices for the following
transforms: translation, rotation, similarity (translation, rotation, and scale), and affine. The
functions should take as input the following arguments:
1. Translation: horizontal and vertical displacements
2. Rotation: angle
3. Similarity: angle, horizontal/vertical displacements, and scale factor (assume equal
scaling for horizontal and vertical dimensions)
4. Affine: 6 parameters
The output of each function will be a 3 x 3 matrix.
2.2 Write a function that warps an image with a given transformation matrix
Next, write a function imwarp(I, T) that warps image I with transformation matrix T. The function
should produce an output image of the same size as I. See Fig. 1 for an example of a warp
induced by a rotation transformation matrix. Make the origin of the coordinate system
correspond to the CENTER of the image, not the top-left corner. This will result in more intuitive
results, such as how the image is rotated around its center in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1: Example of an input image (left) transformed by a rotation matrix, resulting in a ‘warped’
image (right).
Hint 1: Consider the transformation matrix T to describe the mapping from each pixel in the
output image back to the original image. By defining T in this way, you can account for each
output pixel in the warp, resulting in no ‘holes’ in the output image (see Lec. 03 slides).
Hint 2: What happens when the transformation matrix maps an output pixel to a non-integer
location in the input image? You will need to perform bilinear interpolation to handle this
correctly (see Lec. 03 slides).
Hint 3: You may find NumPy’s meshgrid function useful to generate all pixel coordinates at
once, without a loop.
2.3 Demonstrate your warping code on two color images of your choice
For each of the two images, show 2-3 transformations of each type (translation, rotation,
similarity, affine) in your report.
3.0 Cameras (15 points)
3.1 Camera Matrix Computation
a. Calculate the camera intrinsic matrix K, extrinsic matrix E, and full rank 4 ⨉ 4 projection
matrix P = KE for the following scenario with a pinhole camera:
○ The camera is rotated 90 degrees around the x-axis, and is located at (1, 0, 2)
𝑇
.
○ The focal lengths 𝑓𝑥, 𝑓𝑦 are 100.
○ The principal point (𝑐𝑥, 𝑐𝑦)
𝑇
is (25, 25).
b. For the above defined projection, find the world point in inhomogeneous coordinates 𝑥𝑤
which corresponds to the projected homogeneous point in image space 𝑥𝐼 =
(25, 50, 1, 0.25)
𝑇
.
3.2 Field of view and focal length
You are given two cameras with the exact same sensor. The first camera has a wider field-ofview (FOV) than the second, with all other camera parameters being the same. Which camera
has a shorter focal length and why?
4.0 Relighting (10 points) (ELEC/COMP 546 ONLY)
In this problem, you will perform a simple version of image relighting, the task of changing the
lighting on a scene. To do this experiment, you will need two light sources (such as ceiling
lights, floor lamps, flashlights etc.) and a couple of scene objects. Set up a static scene similar
to the one shown in Fig. 2 (the light sources do not have to be seen in the frame, but try to have
them illuminating the scene at two different angles), and a camera such that it is stationary
throughout the experiment (cell phone leaning against heavy object or wall is fine). Let us label
the two lamps as LAMP1 and LAMP2.
a. Capture the image of the scene by turning on LAMP1 only (image I1). Now capture an
image by turning on LAMP2 only (image I2). Finally, capture the image with both LAMP1
and LAMP2 on (image I12). Load and display these images into your Colab notebook.
b. Now, you will create a synthetic photo (I12_synth) depicting the scene when both of the
lamps are turned on by simply summing I1 and I2 together: I12_synth = I1 + I2. Also
compute an image depicting the difference between the synthetic and real images: D =
I12_synth – I12.
c. In your report, show I1, I2, I12, I12_synth, and D side by side. When displaying D, make
sure to rescale D’s values to fill the full available dynamic range ([0,1] for float, or [0,255]
for uint8). You can do this with the following operation:
Fig. 2: Example setup with two lamps.
(D – min(D))/(max(D) – min(D)).
d. How good is your synthetic image compared to the real one? Where do they differ the
most?
Submission Instructions
All code must be written using Google Colab (see course website). Every student must submit a
zip file for this assignment in Canvas with 2 items:
1. An organized report submitted as a PDF document. The report should contain all image
results (intermediate and final), and answer any questions asked in this document. It
should also contain any issues (problems encountered, surprises) you may have found
as you solved the problems. The heading of the PDF file should contain:
a. Your name and Net ID.
b. Names of anyone you collaborated with on this assignment.
c. A link to your Colab notebook (remember to change permissions on your
notebook to allow viewers).
2. A pdf copy of your Colab notebook.
Collaboration Policy
I encourage collaboration both inside and outside class. You may talk to other students for
general ideas and concepts, but you should write your own code, answer questions
independently, and submit your own work.
Plagiarism
Plagiarism of any form will not be tolerated. You are expected to credit all sources explicitly. If
you have any doubts regarding what is and is not plagiarism, talk to me.
