Description
Geolocation of Tweets with Machine Learning
Knowledge Technologies
Introduction
In Project 2, you will build on your processing and observations from Project 1. In particular, you will be
using (almost) the same dataset, to solve what is likely to be a more difficult problem.
This project will give you the opportunity to “road–test” various machine learning classification algorithms on a problem that you are now familiar with. You will also be able to leverage the knowledge that
you have gained from processing the dataset to develop a sophisticated representation of the data, hopefully
making your choice of classifier(s) more effective.
Overview
This document describes Stages I and II of Project 2. Stage I will ask you to use some machine learning
strategies on the data that you were processing in Project 1, and to write a report on your observations. In
Stage II, you will read some work by your peers and write a short review of their report.
The objective of Stage 1 is to build a geolocation classifier for Twitter users, based on their Tweets
(and possibly other meta-data you might have about the user). That is, given a tweet associated to a specific
user, your system will produce a prediction of where that user is located. For this project, we will limit the
set of relevant locations (target classes) to the following five United States cities that are well–represented
in the dataset: Boston (B), Houston (H), San Diego (SD), Seattle (Se), and Washington DC (W).
The technical side of this project will involve constructing features for the data, and using appropriate
machine learning packages to apply machine learning algorithms to the data to solve the task. You should
explore the impact of different features on the performance of the task. This means that direct evaluation
of the technical aspects of the project are fairly limited: the focus of the project will be the report, where
you will demonstrate the knowledge that you have gained, in a manner that is accessible to a reasonably
informed reader. A strong implementation with a poor report will not receive a good mark.
Tasks
Stage I will comprise three main tasks:
1. Feature Engineering (optional for COMP30018 students)
2. Machine Learning to produce a tweet geolocation classifier for the five target cities
3. Writing of a report summarising your findings, analysis, and observations
Stage II will be a peer review process.
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Stage I
Feature Engineering
As discussed in the lectures, the process of engineering features that are useful for discriminating amongst
your target class set is inherently poorly-defined. Most machine learning assumes that the attributes are
simply given, with no indication from where they came. The question as to which features are the best ones
to use is ultimately an empirical one: just use the set that allows you to correctly classify the data.
In practice, the researcher uses their knowledge about the problem to select and construct “good” features.
Your experience with Project 1 should have given you some ideas about relevant criteria: what aspects of a
tweet itself might indicate a user’s location? what aspects of a user’s meta-data might be useful to determine
that user’s location? You can also find ideas in published papers, e.g., [1].
Attributes typically fall into one of three categories: binary (t/f), categorical (a or b or c etc.; these
are often special cases of binary attributes), and numerical (both discrete and continuous). All three types
can be constructed for the given data. Some machine learning architectures prefer numerical attributes (e.g.
k-NN); some work better with categorical attributes (e.g. multivariate Naive Bayes) — you will probably
observe this through your experiments.
For students taking COMP90049, you will be required to engineer some attributes based on the dataset
(and possibly use them along with the given attributes described below). For students taking COMP30018,
this step is optional (although you may find it interesting or instructive to try; in which case, it will count
toward your Creativity component).
Data sets
The tweet data sets are in a similar format to Project 11
:
user id (tab) tweet id (tab) tweet text (tab) location-code (newline)
The notable change is that we have removed the time-stamp, and added a location code for each tweet2
(B,
H, SD, Se, W) reflecting the location of the user.
To aid in your initial experiments, we have produced a sample representation of the data in ARFF format
(suitable for use with Weka, described below) that you are welcome to make use of as you wish. In these
files, each instance corresponds to a single tweet, and we have calculated the frequency of some marginally
useful terms as attribute values, determined using the following procedure:
• We pre-processed the training tweets to remove non-alphabetical characters, and folded case
• We used the method of Mutual Information to determine the best 10 terms for each of 5 classes
• We removed duplicates, to end up with a set of 35 terms
The format of the instances in the ARFF file (following the @DATA line in the header) is similar to the
familiar vector space model in comma-separated value format. For example, the first few attributes are
id, bellevue, bill, boston, ca, care. If we observed the following tweet from a Houston user:
1234 \t 2345678 \t I don’t care about Boston \t H \n
The representation in the ARFF file might look like:
2345678,0,0,1,0,1,…,H
There is no requirement that you use this data set, but you can use it to start experimenting in Weka
straight away.
1We have resolved the issue of some tweets containing newline characters, as some people observed in Project 1.
2One notable issue is that we have labelled the tweets with locations, but our gold standard only describes the location of
the user; effectively, we are assuming that users only tweet from one location, which is demonstrably false — a careful reading
of the data will discover that some users have travelled to one of the other locations. These tweets should be rare enough so
that you may simply treat them as noise, or you may try to deal with this issue as you see fit.
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Machine Learning
Systems
Various machine learning techniques have been (or will be) discussed in this subject (Naive Bayes, Decision
Trees, Support Vector Machines, 0-R, etc.); many more exist. Developing a machine learner (i.e., implementing a machine learning algorithm from scratch) is likely not to be a good use of your time: instead, you
are strongly encouraged to make use of machine learning software in your attempts at this project.
One convenient framework for this is Weka: http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/ml/weka/. Weka is a
machine learning package with many classifiers, feature selection methods, evaluation metrics, and other
machine learning concepts readily implemented and reasonably accessible. After downloading and unarchiving the packages (and compiling, if necessary), the Graphical User Interface will let you start experimenting
immediately.
Weka is dauntingly large: you will probably not understand all of its functionality, options, and output
based on the concepts covered in this subject. The good news is that most of it will not be necessary to
be successful in this project. A good place to start is the Weka wiki (http://weka.wikispaces.com/), in
particular, the primer (http://weka.wikispaces.com/Primer) and the Frequently Asked Questions. If you
use Weka, please do not bombard the developers or mailing list with questions — the LMS Discussion Forum
should be your first port of call.
Some people may not like Weka. Other good packages are available (for example, Orange (http:
//orange.biolab.si/) or skikit-learn (http://scikit-learn.org/)). One caveat is that you will probably need to transform the data into the correct syntax for your given package to process them correctly
(usually csv or libsvm format). If you require the sample dataset in some format other than ARFF, you
may request it on the LMS Discussion Forum.
Alternatively, you might try implementing certain components yourself. This will probably be timeconsuming, but might give you finer control over certain subtle aspects of the development.
Phases
The objective of your learner will be to predict the classes of unseen data (hopefully in an accurate manner!).
We will use a holdout strategy: the data collection has been split into three parts: a training set, a
development set, and a test set. This data will be available on the MSE servers in the directory
/home/subjects/comp90049/2016-sm2/project2/.
The training phase will involve training your classifier: for a Decision-Tree classifier, this means building
a tree based on the exemplars in the training data; for a Naive Bayes classifier, this means calculating the
probabilities of various events; and so on. Parameter tuning (where required) also happens here3
. If you are
using an unsupervised classifier, you might skip this step altogether.
The testing phase is where you observe the performance of the classifier. The development data is
labelled: you should run the classifier that you built in the training phase on this data to calculate one
or more evaluation metrics to discuss in your report. The test data is unlabelled4
: you should use your
preferred model to produce a prediction for each test instance, and submit it to the MSE servers (along with
your code as necessary); we will use this output to confirm the observations of your approach.
The purpose of this partition of the data (into three parts) is to reduce overfitting: having a classifier
which reproduces the training data, but does not generalise to unseen data. There is still a risk of overfitting,
however: by choosing the algorithm or features which perform best on the development set, your system
might not predict the test set accurately. You should keep this in mind for development and your report.
To add a bit of fun to the project, and to give you the possibility of evaluating your models on the test set,
we will be setting up this project on Kaggle in Class (https://inclass.kaggle.com). You will be able to
submit results on the test set there, and get immediate feedback on how well your system is doing on the test
data. There is a Leaderboard on the site, that will also allow you to see how well you are doing as compared
3Occasionally, there is yet another partition of the data where parameter tuning takes place.
4Or, more accurately, each instance in the test data is labelled with ?, which means that you will not be able to directly
evaluate your system’s performance with regards to this data.
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to other classmates participating on-line. This will be optional, but we encourage you to participate. More
details on this will follow next week via the LMS.
Technical Notes
You should submit the program(s) which transform the data into a format that you can use in your machine
learning system, where necessary. You should also submit a README that briefly describes how you
generate your features (the rationale should be explained in your report), and the purposes of important
scripts or external resources, if necessary.
You will not be required to submit scripts which generate the output of your system; any manual tuning
(cheating!) will be quite obvious. You should discuss the systems that you used (and the relevant parameter
settings, where necessary) in your report. You should detail the various ouput files (which are the predictions
on the accompanying test data) in your README: which model and parameters were used to generate it.
Technical details of the implementation (system settings, resource limits, etc.) should be discussed in the
README. Performance over the development data and your observations should be included in the report.
Report
You will submit an anonymised report, which should describe your approach and observations, both in
engineering (and selecting, if necessary) features, and the machine learning algorithms you tried. The
technical details of constructing the features and so on should be left out, unless it is particulary interesting
or novel. Even then, they probably belong in your README.
Your aim is to provide the reader with knowledge about the problem, in particular, critical analysis of
the techniques you have attempted (or maybe some that you haven’t!). You may assume that the reader has
a cursory familiarity with the problem — any concepts that are common to most papers (e.g. well-formed
CSV) can be assumed or glossed over in a sentence or two. The internal structure of well-known classifiers
should only be discussed if it is important for connecting the theory to your practical observations.
For COMP90049 students, the report should be 1000-1500 words; for COMP30018 students, it should
be 750-1250 words. Your report should aim to provide a basic description of the task, your approach to
generating features, machine learning approaches, your observations, and your critical analysis. The critical
analysis is key; please think carefully about the following questions:
• Does your classifier do a good job at addressing the task? Why or why not?
• Why is the method(s) you explored a reasonable strategy for approaching the task? What advantages
does it have over other possible methods?
• If you engineered new features, why did you use them? What aspect of the data set are they attempting
to model?
• What evaluation strategy did you use? Based on this evaluation, does your model seem to be a good
one?
• Be sure to support your statements and analysis with examples.
Your report should include a bibliography of relevant or important piece of (peer-reviewed) academic
literature: research is not done in a vacuum, and it is inappropriate, inadequate, or intellectually dishonest
not to cite (or to mis-cite) relevant work. Note that Wikipedia is not appropriate as a primary reference (for
an overview, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citing_Wikipedia), although it can occasionally be a
good place to start. If you directly use information from a website, e.g., a blog or technical forum, please
also be sure to cite those resources.
There are numerous texts in the Readings sections of the LMS, from which you can get a sense of good
structure and style — the content will probably not be relevant to your project, however. The templates for
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the Project 1 report should be used for this report as well. Your report must be submitted in PDF
format: we reserve the right to return reports submitted in any other format than PDF with a mark of 0.
Note: the report should be anonymous, i.e. it should have no mention of your name or student
number. This is for the reviewing process below.
Stage II
(Peer Review)
After the reports have been submitted, there will be a five day period where you will review 2 papers
written by your peers in Stage I.
The review should be about 200-400 words. In your review, you should aim to have the following
structure:
• A couple of sentences describing what the author has done.
• A few sentences detailing what you think the author has done well, for example, novel use of features,
interesting methodology, or insightful discussion. You should indicate why you feel this to be
the case.
• A few sentences suggesting weak points or further avenues for interesting research. You should focus
on the feature or algorithm or discussion side, and less on the quality of the report itself. You should
indicate why or how your suggestions are relevant or interesting.
Assessment
For students taking COMP90049, the project will be marked out of 20, and will be worth 20% of your overall
mark for the subject. For students taking COMP30018, the project will be marked out of 15, and will be
worth 15% of your mark. Note that there is a hurdle requirement on your combined project mark (20/40
for Master’s students; 15/30 for undergraduate students).
The mark breakdown will be as follows:
Category COMP90049 COMP30018
Critical Analysis 9 7
Technical Tasks 3 1
Report Quality 3 3
Creativity 2 1
Reviews 3 3
Total 20 15
Submission
Submission will take place in two locations:
• You will need to upload your code, README and test outputs to a directory on the MSE servers, in
the same manner as for Project 1.
• The PDF of your report will be submitted to the appropriate project within Turnitin. Note that
Turnitin will accept other report formats (doc, etc.) — we will not accept them.
• Your review will also be done via Turnitin, through the corresponding project (Project 2 Peer Review)
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Be warned that computer systems are often heavily loaded near project deadlines, and unexpected network or system downtime can occur. You should plan ahead to avoid unexpected problems at the last
minute. System downtime or failure will generally not be considered as ground for special consideration.
While it is acceptable to discuss the project with other students in general terms (including the Discussion
Forum), excessive collaboration will be consider cheating (in particular, sharing of methodological details
or code). We will be carefully examining the output files, README and report for evidence of collusion,
and will invoke the University’s Academic Misconduct policy (http://academichonesty.unimelb.edu.au/
policy.html) where inappropriate levels of collaboration or plagiarism are deemed to have taken place.
Late submissions
We will not accept late submissions under any circumstances. The reason for this is that submission is late
in semester — we would not want to disrupt your exam preparation (and to miss out on getting peer reviews
for your paper!). Furthermore, the submission deadline will not be extended, because of the timing of
the reviewing process.
If there are documentable medical or personal circumstances which have taken time away from your
project work, you should contact Karin via email (karin.verspoor@unimelb.edu.au) at the earliest possible
opportunity (this generally means well before the deadline). We will assess whether special consideration is
warranted, and if granted, will scale back the expectations proportionately (e.g. if you have been unable to
work on the project for a total of 2 out of 4 weeks, the expectations will be reduced by around 50%). No
requests for special consideration will be accepted after the submission deadline.
Changes/Updates to the Project Specifications
We will use the LMS to advertise any (hopefully small-scale) changes or clarifications to the project specifications. Any addendums made to the project specifications via the LMS will supersede information contained
within this document.
References
[1] Cheng Z., Caverlee J., and Lee K. You are where you tweet: A content-based approach to geo-locating
twitter users. In CIKM’10, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2010. ACM.
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